不渗透细胞的Fluo-3FF是Fluo-3的类似物，钙结合亲和力低得多，Kd〜10 µM。像Fluo-3一样，该指示剂基本上是无荧光的，但在结合钙时显示出强烈的荧光增强，并且没有光谱偏移。

点击查看光谱

钙离子篇：时间轴式讲解应用于钙离子检测的探针

钙指示剂AM Esters的使用

1.带有钙指示剂AM酯：

      AM酯是非极性酯，很容易穿过活细胞膜，并被活细胞内的细胞酯酶迅速水解。AM酯被广泛用于无创地将各种极性荧光探针装载到活细胞中。但是，使用AM酯时必须特别注意，因为它们易于水解，特别是在溶液中。它们应该用高质量的无水二甲基亚砜（DMSO）进行重构。DMSO储备溶液应在-20°C的干燥环境中保存，并避光。在这些条件下，AM酯应稳定数月。

以下是我们推荐的将AM酯加载到活细胞中的方案。该协议仅提供指南，应根据您的特定需求进行修改。

a）在高质量无水DMSO中制备2至5 mM AM酯储备溶液。

b）在实验当天，将固体的钙指示剂溶解在DMSO中，或将等分的指示剂储备溶液解冻至室温。在您选择的含0.04％Pluronic®F-127的缓冲液（例如Hanks and Hepes缓冲液）中，准备2至20 µM的工作溶液。对于大多数细胞系，我们建议钙指示剂的终浓度为4-5 uM。必须根据经验确定细胞加载所需指示剂的确切浓度。为避免因过载和潜在的染料毒性而导致的任何伪影，建议使用可以产生足够信号强度的小探针浓度。

c）如果您的细胞（例如CHO细胞）中含有有机阴离子转运蛋白，则可以将丙磺舒（2–5 mM）或亚砜吡嗪（0.2–0.5 mM）添加到染料工作溶液中（终孔浓度为1）丙磺舒为-2.5 mM，亚磺酰吡嗪为0.1 -0.25 mM，以减少去酯化指示剂的泄漏。

d）将等体积的染料工作溶液（来自步骤b或c）添加到细胞板中。

e）在温度或37°C下将染料加载板室孵育20分钟（尤其是Fluo-8 AM）至2小时，然后在室温下将板孵育30分钟。

注1：降低加载温度可能会减少指示器的分隔。

注2：将Cal-520 AM孵育2小时以上，对于某些细胞系会产生更好的信号强度。

f） 用HHBS或您选择的缓冲液（包含阴离子转运蛋白抑制剂，如1 mM丙磺舒，如果适用）替换染料工作溶液，以除去过量的探针。

g）在所需的Ex / Em波长下运行实验。

2.测量细胞内钙响应：

为了确定溶液的游离钙浓度或单波长钙指示剂的Kd，使用以下等式：

[Ca]free = Kd[F ─ Fmin]/Fmax ─ F]

其中F是实验钙水平下指示剂的荧光，Fmin是不存在钙时的荧光，Fmax是钙饱和探针的荧光。

        解离常数（Kd）是探针对钙的亲和力的量度。 与校准溶液相比，荧光指示剂的Ca结合和光谱性质在细胞环境中变化非常显着。 细胞内指标的原位反应校准通常产生显着高于体外测定的Kd值。 通过在离子载体如A-23187,4-溴A-23187和离子霉素存在下将加载的细胞暴露于受控的Ca²⁺缓冲液来进行原位校准。 或者，细胞透化剂如洋地黄皂苷或X-100可用于将指示剂暴露于细胞外培养基的受控Ca²⁺水平。

参考文献

Calreticulin regulates TGF-β1-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition through modulating Smad signaling and calcium signaling
Authors: Yanjiao Wu, Xiaoli Xu, Lunkun Ma, Qian Yi, Weichao Sun, Liling Tang
Journal: The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology (2017)

Dexmedetomidine reduces hypoxia/reoxygenation injury by regulating mitochondrial fission in rat hippocampal neurons
Authors: Jia Liu, Qing Du, He Zhu, Yu Li, Maodong Liu, Shoushui Yu, Shilei Wang
Journal: Int J Clin Exp Med (2017): 6861–6868

Monosialoganglioside 1 may alleviate neurotoxicity induced by propofol combined with remifentanil in neural stem cells
Authors: Jiang Lu, Xue-qin Yao, Xin Luo, Yu Wang, Sookja Kim Chung, He-xin Tang, Chi Wai Cheung, Xian-yu Wang, Chen Meng, Qing Li
Journal: Neural Regeneration Research (2017): 945

Obtaining spontaneously beating cardiomyocyte-like cells from adipose-derived stromal vascular fractions cultured on enzyme-crosslinked gelatin hydrogels
Authors: Gang Yang, Zhenghua Xiao, Xiaomei Ren, Haiyan Long, Kunlong Ma, Hong Qian, Yingqiang Guo
Journal: Scientific Reports (2017): 41781

Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced apoptosis in rat INS-1 cells is dependent on activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and suppression of antioxidant protection
Authors: Xia Sun, Yi Lin, Qiansheng Huang, Junpeng Shi, Ling Qiu, Mei Kang, Yajie Chen, Chao Fang, Ting Ye, Sijun Dong
Journal: Journal of cellular and molecular medicine (2015): 581–594

The effect of mitochondrial calcium uniporter on mitochondrial fission in hippocampus cells ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Lantao Zhao, Shuhong Li, Shilei Wang, Ning Yu, Jia Liu
Journal: Biochemical and biophysical research communications (2015): 537–542

Fungus induces the release of IL-8 in human corneal epithelial cells, via Dectin-1-mediated protein kinase C pathways.
Authors: Xu-Dong Peng, Gui-Qiu Zhao, Jing Lin, Nan Jiang, Qiang Xu, Cheng-Cheng Zhu, Jain-Qiu Qu, Lin Cong, Hui Li
Journal: International journal of ophthalmology (2014): 441–447

Propofol and remifentanil at moderate and high concentrations affect proliferation and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells
Authors: Qing Li, Jiang Lu, Xianyu Wang
Journal: Neural regeneration research (2014): 2002

Role of mitochondrial calcium uniporter in regulating mitochondrial fission in the cerebral cortexes of living rats
Authors: Nan Liang, Peng Wang, Shilei Wang, Shuhong Li, Yu Li, Jinying Wang, Min Wang
Journal: Journal of Neural Transmission (2014): 593–600

Increased expression of cell adhesion molecule 1 by mast cells as a cause of enhanced nerve–mast cell interaction in a hapten-induced mouse model of atopic dermatitis
Authors: M Hagiyama, T Inoue, T Furuno, T Iino, S Itami, M Nakanishi, H Asada, Y Hosokawa, A Ito
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013): 771–778

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钙离子荧光探针Fluo-8FF,钾盐是美国AAT Bioquest生产的用于钙通量测定的试剂，钙测量对于许多生物学研究至关重要。在结合Ca2+后显示光谱响应的荧光探针使研究人员能够使用荧光显微镜，流式细胞仪，荧光光谱和荧光酶标仪来研究细胞内游离Ca2+浓度的变化。在可见光激发钙指示剂中，Fluo-3和Fluo-4常用。但是，Fluo-3 AM和Fluo-4 AM在酯酶水解后在活细胞中仅适度发荧光，并且需要苛刻的细胞加载条件才能大化其细胞钙反应。开发Fluo-8®染料可细胞负载和钙响应，同时保持便捷的Fluo-3和Fluo-4光谱波长（在〜490 nm处具有大激发和在〜520 nm处具有大发射）。Fluo-8®AM仅需要室温，而Fluo-3 AM和Fluo-4 AM需要37℃的细胞负载。此外，Fluo-8®的亮度是Fluo-4 AM的2倍，是Fluo-3 AM的4倍。AAT Bioquest提供了一套出色的Fluo-8®试剂，具有不同的钙结合亲和力（Fluo-8®：Kd = 389 nM； Fluo-8H：Kd = 232 nM； Fluo-8L：Kd = 1.86 µM； Fluo-8FF ：Kd = 10 µM）。金畔生物是AAT Bioquest 的中国代理商，为您提供优质的钙离子荧光探针Fluo-8FF,钾盐。

点击查看光谱

钙离子篇：时间轴式讲解应用于钙离子检测的探针

操作步骤

1.使用钙指示剂AM Esters加载细胞：

        AM酯是非极性酯，其易于穿过活细胞膜，并且通过活细胞内的细胞酯酶快速水解。 AM酯广泛用于非侵入性地将各种极性荧光探针装载到活细胞中。 但是，使用AM酯时必须小心，因为它们易于水解，特别是在溶液中。 它们应在使用前用高质量的无水二甲基亚砜（DMSO）重新配制。 DMSO储备溶液应在-20°C下干燥储存并避光。 在这些条件下，AM酯应稳定数月。

        以下是我们推荐的将AM酯加载到活细胞中的方案。该方案仅提供指南，实际情况应根据您的具体需求进行修改。

a）在高质量无水DMSO中制备2至5 mM AM酯原液。

b）在实验当天，将钙指示剂溶解在DMSO中或将等份的指示剂储备溶液解冻至室温。使用0.02％Pluronic®F-127在您选择的缓冲液（如Hanks和Hepes缓冲液）中制备1至10μM的工作溶液。对于大多数细胞系，我们建议钙指示剂的终浓度为4-5 uM。 细胞加载所需指标的确切浓度必须根据经验确定。 为避免因过载和潜在染料毒性引起的任何伪影，建议使用可产生足够信号强度的小探针浓度。

注意：非离子洗涤剂Pluronic®F-127有时用于增加钙指示剂AM酯的水溶性。

c）如果您的细胞含有有机阴离子转运蛋白，可以在细胞培养基中加入丙磺舒（1-2.5 mM）或磺吡酮（0.1-0.25 mM），以减少脱酯化指标的泄漏。 在室温或37°C下用钙指示剂酯孵育细胞20分钟至1小时。

d）在HHBS或您选择的缓冲液（含有阴离子转运蛋白抑制剂，如2.5mM丙磺舒，如果适用）中洗涤细胞1-2次以除去过量的探针。

e）在所需的Ex / Em波长下进行实验（见说明书中的表1）。

2.测量细胞内钙响应：

        为了确定溶液的游离钙浓度或单波长钙指示剂的Kd，使用以下等式：[Ca]_free = K_d[F – F_min]/F_max – F]

        其中F是实验钙水平下指示剂的荧光，Fmin是不存在钙时的荧光，Fmax是钙饱和探针的荧光。 解离常数（Kd）是探针对钙的亲和力的量度。 与校准溶液相比，荧光指示剂的Ca2 +结合和光谱性质在细胞环境中变化非常显着。 细胞内指标的原位校准通常产生显着高于体外测定的Kd值。 通过在离子载体如A-23187,4-溴A-23187和离子霉素存在下将加载的细胞暴露于受控的Ca 2+缓冲液来进行原位校准。 或者，细胞透化剂如洋地黄皂苷或X-100可用于将指示剂暴露于细胞外培养基的受控Ca2 +水平。 说明书中的表1列出了一些钙试剂的Kd值供您参考。

试剂应用文献

AMPA receptors in the synapse turnover by monomer diffusion
Authors: Morise, Jyoji and Suzuki, Kenichi GN and Kitagawa, Ayaka and Wakazono, Yoshihiko and Takamiya, Kogo and Tsunoyama, Taka A and Nemoto, Yuri L and Takematsu, Hiromu and Kusumi, Akihiro and Oka, Shogo
Journal: Nature communications (2019): 1–18

Cryo-EM Studies of TMEM16F Calcium-Activated Ion Channel Suggest Features Important for Lipid Scrambling
Authors: Feng, Shengjie and Dang, Shangyu and Han, Tina Wei and Ye, Wenlei and Jin, Peng and Cheng, Tong and Li, Junrui and Jan, Yuh Nung and Jan, Lily Yeh and Cheng, Yifan
Journal: Cell Reports (2019): 567–579

Discrimination of Dormant and Active Hematopoietic Stem Cells by G0 Marker Reveals Dormancy Regulation by Cytoplasmic Calcium
Authors: Fukushima, Tsuyoshi and Tanaka, Yosuke and Hamey, Fiona K and Chang, Chih-Hsiang and Oki, Toshihiko and Asada, Shuhei and Hayashi, Yasutaka and Fujino, Takeshi and Yonezawa, Taishi and Takeda, Reina and others
Journal: Cell Reports (2019): 4144–4158

Ketamine Increases Proliferation of Human iPSC-Derived Neuronal Progenitor Cells via Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 and Independent of the NMDA Receptor
Authors: Grossert, Aless and ra and Mehrjardi, Narges Zare and Bailey, Sarah J and Lindsay, Mark A and Hescheler, Jürgen and Saric, Tomo and Teusch, Nicole
Journal: Cells (2019): 1139

MRGPRX4 is a bile acid receptor for human cholestatic itch
Authors: Yu, Huasheng and Zhao, Tianjun and Liu, Simin and Wu, Qinxue and Johnson, Omar and Wu, Zhaofa and Zhuang, Zihao and Shi, Yaocheng and Peng, Luxin and He, Renxi and others
Journal: eLife (2019): e48431

P2Y6 signaling in alveolar macrophages prevents leukotriene-dependent type 2 allergic lung inflammation
Authors: Nagai, Jun and Balestrieri, Barbara and Fanning, Laura B and Kyin, Timothy and Cirka, Haley and Lin, Junrui and Idzko, Marco and Zech, Andreas and Kim, Edy Y and Brennan, Patrick J and others
Journal: The Journal of clinical investigation (2019)

Hyperglycaemia disrupts conducted vasodilation in the resistance vasculature of db/db mice
Authors: Lemmey, Hamish AL and Ye, Xi and Ding, Hong C and Triggle, Christopher R and Garland, Christopher J and Dora, Kim A
Journal: Vascular pharmacology (2018): 29–35

Methionine and valine activate the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway through heterodimeric amino acid taste receptor (TAS1R1/TAS1R3) and intracellular Ca2+ in bovine mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Zhou, Y and Zhou, Z and Peng, J and Loor, Juan J
Journal: Journal of dairy science (2018): 11354–11363

TRPA1-dependent reversible opening of tight junction by natural compounds with an $alpha$, $beta$-unsaturated moiety and capsaicin
Authors: Kanda, Yusuke and Yamasaki, Youhei and Sasaki-Yamaguchi, Yoshie and Ida-Koga, Noriko and Kamisuki, Shinji and Sugawara, Fumio and Nagumo, Yoko and Usui, Takeo
Journal: Scientific reports (2018): 1–13

A new electro-optical approach for conductance measurement: an assay for the study of drugs acting on ligand-gated ion channels
Authors: Menegon, A and Pitassi, S and Mazzocchi, N and Redaelli, L and Rizzetto, R and Roll and JF and Poli, C and Imberti, M and Lanati, A and Grohovaz, F
Journal: Scientific Reports (2017)

Altered spontaneous calcium signaling of in situ chondrocytes in human osteoarthritic cartilage
Authors: Gong, Xiaoyuan and Xie, Wenbin and Wang, Bin and Gu, Lingchuan and Wang, Fuyou and Ren, Xiang and Chen, Cheng and Yang, Liu
Journal: Scientific reports (2017): 17093

Bystander effects elicited by single-cell photo-oxidative blue-light stimulation in retinal pigment epithelium cell networks
Authors: Ishii, Masaaki and Rohrer, Bärbel
Journal: Cell Death Discovery (2017): 16071

Bystander effects elicited by single-cell photo-oxidative blue-light stimulation in retinal pigment epithelium cell networks
Authors: Ishii, Masaaki and Rohrer, Bärbel
Journal: Cell Death Discovery (2017): 16071

High-throughput screen detects calcium signaling dysfunction in typical sporadic autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Schmunk, Galina and Nguyen, Rachel L and Ferguson, David L and Kumar, Kenny and Parker, Ian and Gargus, J Jay
Journal: Scientific Reports (2017): 40740

参考文献

2-OMe-lysophosphatidylcholine analogues are GPR119 ligands and activate insulin secretion from βTC-3 pancreatic cells: Evaluation of structure-dependent biological activity
Authors: Anna Drzazga, Agata Sowińska, Agnieszka Krzemińska, Andrzej Okruszek, Piotr Paneth, Maria Koziolkiewicz, Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
Journal: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids (2017)

A new electro-optical approach for conductance measurement: an assay for the study of drugs acting on ligand-gated ion channels
Authors: A Menegon, S Pitassi, N Mazzocchi, L Redaelli, R Rizzetto, JF Rolland, C Poli, M Imberti, A Lanati, F Grohovaz
Journal: Scientific Reports (2017)

Altered spontaneous calcium signaling of in situ chondrocytes in human osteoarthritic cartilage
Authors: Xiaoyuan Gong, Wenbin Xie, Bin Wang, Lingchuan Gu, Fuyou Wang, Xiang Ren, Cheng Chen, Liu Yang
Journal: Scientific reports (2017): 17093

Analysis of Ca2+ response of osteocyte network by three-dimensional time-lapse imaging in living bone
Authors: Tomoyo Tanaka, Mitsuhiro Hoshijima, Junko Sunaga, Takashi Nishida, Mana Hashimoto, Naoya Odagaki, Ryuta Osumi, Taiji Aadachi, Hiroshi Kamioka
Journal: Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism (2017): 1–10

Aryl-and alkyl-phosphorus-containing flame retardants induced mitochondrial impairment and cell death in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-k1) cells
Authors: Chao Huang, Na Li, Shengwu Yuan, Xiaoya Ji, Mei Ma, Kaifeng Rao, Zijian Wang
Journal: Environmental Pollution (2017): 775–786

Bystander effects elicited by single-cell photo-oxidative blue-light stimulation in retinal pigment epithelium cell networks
Authors: Masaaki Ishii, Bärbel Rohrer
Journal: Cell Death Discovery (2017): 16071

Ca 2+ signals initiate at immobile IP 3 receptors adjacent to ER-plasma membrane junctions
Authors: Nagendra Babu Thillaiappan, Alap P Chavda, Stephen C Tovey, David L Prole, Colin W Taylor
Journal: Nature Communications (2017): 1505

Cells smell on a CMOS: A portable odorant detection system using cell-laden collagen pillars
Authors: Yusuke Hirata, Yuya Morimoto, Eunryel Nam, Shotaro Yoshida, Shoji Takeuchi
Journal: (2017): 13–16

Ex vivo replication of phenotypic functions of osteocytes through biomimetic 3D bone tissue construction
Authors: Qiaoling Sun, Saba Choudhary, Ciaran Mannion, Yair Kissin, Jenny Zilberberg, Woo Y Lee
Journal: Bone (2017)

High Glucose Enhances Isoflurane-Induced Neurotoxicity by Regulating TRPC-Dependent Calcium Influx
Authors: ZhongJie Liu, ChangQing Ma, Wei Zhao, QingGuo Zhang, Rui Xu, HongFei Zhang, HongYi Lei, ShiYuan Xu
Journal: Neurochemical Research (2017): 1–14

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